Ling Ya is fighting a challenging battle to protect young girls
forced into sex slavery in Cambodia. She is a survivor of the sordid
crime which is destroying lives of thousands of young girls in
the turbulent region.
Khadija is among several lobbyists in Pakistan who are working day
and night to push authorities to expedite the endorsement of stalled
legislations on ending the sexual harassment and domestic violence
Pakistani women are suffering.
Bothaina from Jordon is fighting with a system that allows a man to
kill his wife for suspected infidelity and escape harsh punishment.
Similar to several other Muslim communities, Jordanian young girls and
women are forced to marry their rapists or abusers while some parents
often dictate decisions for daughters who have to oblige in silence or
face unimaginable consequences.
These are just only few stories shared by participants at the
UNiTE Global Youth Forum
held in Bangkok with a focus on strengthening the youth movement in
ending gender inequality and violence against women and girls.
Forty participants aged 18-30 from 29 countries participated and
shared their experiences and challenges they faced in ending violence
against women and girls. The forum began on May 22 and came to a close
on May 24 with all participants
pledging to carry forward the UNiTE Campaign in their personal and professional lives.
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| UNiTE Global Youth Forum particpants |
Listening to these horrifying stories at the workshop, I was
naturally prompted to ponder on the comparative successes my small
island nation has achieved in ensuring the rights of women and girls.
Indeed, we have come a long way forward.
Progress in Maldives
In the Maldives – despite our religious conservative exterior – women
can choose their spouses, marry, get divorced and even re-marry more
easily than anywhere else in the world, while openly engaging in
relationships outside marriage is not so taboo.
Not only do Muslim women and girls have equal access to education,
health services and opportunities in Maldives – but these rights are
guaranteed under the country’s constitution.
Women are also encouraged to be economically active in small and
medium scale businesses or jobs in public offices and private
companies.
There is no institutional discrimination or barriers to political or
social activism, thus allowing women to be teachers, police officers,
judges, parliamentarians or even the President should she choose to be.
Maternity leave and accessible healthcare to mothers and newborns in
Maldives have drastically reduced maternal deaths and child mortality
rates. Today, Maldives
ranks as 45th best place to be a mother among 80 developing nations compared in international NGO Save the Children’s 13th
State of the World’s Mothers report.
They receive equal protection under laws and are subjected to same punishments as men.
Participants from other countries noted the aforementioned legal
frameworks and equal provisions and opportunities as some key solutions
to solving several problems faced by women.
Perhaps it is these positive approaches that drive some people to
ask, “What rights don’t women have in Maldives?” whenever the issue of
women’s rights is raised here.
However, I was not surprised when a facilitator commented, “All
things we say we need for ensuring women’s rights are there in Maldives,
but the numbers are yet so disturbing.”
What are these disturbing numbers?
Although the Maldives’ human development performance has so far been
admirable, statistics available from multiple sectors indicate gross
violations of women’s rights.
Maldives is facing major challenges in addressing gender inequality
and combating the widespread violence perpetrated against women and
girls while growing religious conservatism is threatening the pace of
women’s progress.
Widespread domestic abuse and child molestation
The first numbers showing the magnitude of women and girl’s suffering in Maldives was found in a 2007 survey named Maldives Study on Women’s Health and Life Experiences
which revealed that every one in three women aged 15 to 49 have
experienced some form of physical or sexual violence during their life
time.
Half of the women had experienced ‘severe’ injuries, such as gashes,
fractures, broken bones or internal injuries while 6.3 percent women,
who have ever been pregnant, reported having been physically abused
during at least one pregnancy. Of those, 41 percent were punched or
kicked in the abdomen.
“He (my husband) tied me up “face down” on a bed with a woven rope. I
was eight months pregnant then…I had to stay like that for four hours.
When he untied me, my hands and feet were swollen and cut. My stomach
hurt really badly because I was tied “face down”…I cried. I had a
stillborn child and the midwife told me that it was probably due to the
violent act of my husband,” a respondent reported during the survey.
Violence is not limited to intimate relationships either.
Girls reported that male family members, particularly father or
step-father perpetrated ‘physical violence’ while family friends, work
colleagues and strangers ‘sexually abused’ them.
Meanwhile, the statistics analysed in the report also substantiated the high prevalence of
childhood sexual abuse.
“We found that 12.2 percent of women aged 15-49 had been sexually
abuse before the age of 15,” the report read. “Approximately 10 percent
of women reported that their first sexual experience was either coerced
or forced and that the younger the girl at the first sexual encounter,
the more likely it was that sex was forced.”
The data also reflected the fact that girls are at greatest risk of
sexual abuse by male family members and male acquaintances – this, and
several sordid cases of inter-familial or incest cases prompted the
authorities to endorse a legislation in 2010, stipulating harsher
punishments for child abusers who are in a “trusted position” or
otherwise guardians of victims.
However, the
enactment
of the Domestic Violence Bill in April has filled the gap in the legal
system, which has been a great challenge in preventing violence against
women and providing justice and protection to survivors of domestic
violence.
However, we are yet to witness the positive outcome the important
piece of legislation brings while much is needed to raise public
awareness on it.
Little or no economic emancipation
Although the 2008 constitution has removed the bar on women from
holding the highest political office and there is no institutional
discrimination against women in politics and decision making per say—the
numbers show a grim reality.
Only five out of 77 elected parliament members are women and 57 out
of 1086 elected island and atoll council members are women.
Even among the few women who are currently politically active, almost
all are notably linked to high status families, or have been appointed
to the position.
Only a staggering two percent of the economically active women hold
senior decision making position compared to the eight percent of men
while, according to planning department, the the unemployment rate for
women is nearly
double compared to male counterparts.
Over one third of working age women are economically inactive due to
the gender stereotyping that demands house work and child care from
women, the 2006 Census found. The absence of childcare facilities makes
it difficult for women to remain employed after they have children
“I was a teacher for five years. But I had to stop working after
birth of my child. I always hoped to start teaching when my son turned
four. I did start even. But stopped because my husband’s family
complained about looking after my son all the time and there is no child
care facility here,” a 28 year old woman with a degree in education
told this author.
“Besides, I don’t think my husband will approve putting our son in child care,” she added.
Human Rights Commission of the Maldives (HRCM) has also reported that
some employers discourage women from marriage or pregnancy, as it could
result in employment termination or demotion.
Meanwhile, the Maldives has the
highest divorce rates in the world, with up to 47 percent households headed by females and single mothers.
An
audit
of the courts found that large amounts of money received as child
support has not been distributed to the recipients while some remains
uncollected – indicating that single-mothers are
bearing the financial burden of raising children.
A monthly allowance of Rf2000 (US$130) is distributed by state to
single-mothers; however, flaws in the system and miscommunications leave
many mothers empty-handed, especially in the atolls.
“I have a five year old son. His father has not provided child
support since we got divorced. But I do not get child support because I
am a civil servant. That is very upsetting because I can barely cover
the costs,” a school supervisor working on Hithadhoo island commented.
Meanwhile, the
high level of drug abuse
results in many women co-dependent on drug users, the UNFPA Maldives
says. It puts women at high risk of violence and abuse while those
women who have experienced violence are significantly more likely to
have health problems, emotional distress and thoughts of suicide.
Rising sexual health-illnesses
Furthermore, Centre for Community Health and Disease Control (CCHDC)
flagged
high prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in a report
released last year. Eighteen 18 HIV positive cases were detected and
over 400 cases of STIs, of which 97 percent were women.
Detection STIs included chlamydia and gonorrhea – both conditions that can cause infertility if left untreated.
Rising STIs were associated with high risk behaviors such as human trafficking for purposes including
sexual entertainment and increased heterosexual and homosexual activities with reduced contraceptive use and lack of awareness.
Even though no specific statistics are available, anecdotal evidence also suggests that the number of unwanted pregnancies and
unsafe aborions have increased – particularly among adolescents.
The current Health Minister Dr Ahmed Jamsheed acknowledged these distrubing trends in his blog last year.
Dr Jamsheed
wrote
on his blog in June 2011, “I believe that a high rate of abortion by
our women, both in the Maldives and in neighbouring countries have been
going on for some time.”
He made the comments following the discovery of
three abandoned babies in October 2011, out of which two were premature foetusus while third was a dead new born.
“This is very much a public health and social issue, strongly related
to societal values and faith. Criminalisation will never solve it and
this will go on unless we address the root causes or have upstream
interventions,” Dr Jamsheed argued.
Broader reproductive health should be taught in the schools, either
incorporated to the curriculum or as a separate programme, he said.
Furthermore, he contended, all barriers to access contraceptives must be
removed.
He admitted: “I understand that some people would condemn this
opinion, arguing that this will promote unlawful and out of wedlock sex.
However, I don’t believe that the availability or non-availability of
condom or contraceptives would ever be a factor determining whether two
people who want to have sex will have it or not!”
UNFPA Assistant Representative Shadiya Ibrahim also echoed Jamsheed’s
remarks contendending that research has proven “sex education does not
increase promiscuity”. Of 68 studies on family life and sex education in
a scientific review, she said, 65 studies found no associated increases
in sexual behavior.
“Young people taking part in such programs had higher levels of
abstinence, later start of sexual activity, higher use of
contraceptives, fewer sexual partners and/or reduced rates of STDs and
unplanned pregnancy,” according to Ibrahim.
She added: “Non-health factors such as lacking education, lacking
status in family, early marriage make girls highly vulnerable to
unwanted pregnancy. It could be lacking basic knowledge and information
about sexual and reproductive health and the means to prevent
conception.”
“Other unintended pregnancies result from rape, sexual abuse and
incest. Sexual education to boys and girls help reduce these instances
and provide strategies for girls to reduce their vulnerability,” she
explained.
She observed, overwhelming majority of the married young girls are
getting pregnant, which brings “high costs in lost opportunities,
limited life options and poor health.”
She added: “It also affects the ability to provide opportunities for
their children too. When young girls delay starting their families, they
have better opportunities for further education and skill development
and mean to fulfill whatever dreams they may have and contribute to
productive integrated members of the society and economic development.
However, these contemporary strategies have fallen short from being
transformed into actions amid religious pressures in Maldives.
In addition, Education Ministry reported last year that girls are not
being vaccinated and female school enrollment rates are falling. Both
were associated with “religious reasons” which have been described as
misinterpretation of religion by Islamic scholars.
Meanwhile, claims that
female circumcision is rising in practice in the Maldives also triggered alarm across the government and NGO sector in 2011.
“We are beginning to hear reports of this occurring, and I have heard
on radio and television people justifying the practice. It is quite
disheartening,” said President Dr Mohamed Waheed Hassan, who was Vice
President at the time.
Though he did not pinpoint a specific area where female circumcision
was taking place, but attributed the “general trend” to “rising
conservatism and traditional values imported from other parts of the
world.”
These perceived influence from
growing conservative religious groups
in the country, according to gender experts, “are causing fear that
recent gains in addressing gender equality could be reversed.”
Therefore, Maldives must still continue the battle for women’s
rights. Because the Maldives is to yet to achieve all the rights of
women, international goals of gender equality and eliminate all forms of
violence against women and girls.
2:22 PM
Editor
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